TEST 2011
The total number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU and the number of taxa traded at volumes exceeding 1000 units are shown in the figures below. (Re-)exports of birds were the most diverse, with a total of 256 species, 10 subspecies, one hybrid and five higher taxa reported in trade; reptiles were the most diverse taxonomic group (re-)exported at high volumes, with trade involving 15 species, three subspecies and one higher taxon.
Number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU in 2011.
Number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU at volumes exceeding 1000 units in 2011 (all sources).
Exports exceeding 1000 units were recorded for 12 mammal, 10 bird, 19 reptile, 10 fish, four invertebrate, eight plant (other than timber) and seven timber taxa. In 2011, there was a notable decrease in number of plant taxa traded at high volumes, from 32 taxa in trade in 2010 to eight taxa in 2011, mainly due to a decrease in (re-)exports of cacti seeds from Malta. Mammals, plants and fish were traded under a variety of terms, whereas high volume trade in birds was predominantly in feathers and live animals, reptiles were mainly traded as skins and skin pieces and invertebrate trade was principally live individuals. An overview of the high volume trade by group is provided.
Mammal parts and derivatives of wild origin that were (re-)exported at high volumes, exceeding 1000 units, were hair and specimens. Trade levels for the top term (hair) increased sevenfold over the five year period 2007-2011, reaching highest levels in 2011; the vast majority (>99%) of this trade was wild-sourced Mustela sibirica originating in China and (re-)exported to the United States. Skins, representing entire animals, were also traded at notable levels with 9 576 skins (re-)exported in 2011, of which >99% were wild-sourced.
Quantity of mammal items (re-)exported, by term and proportion of sources, for those terms traded at volumes > 1000 units.
Exports of mammal hair (no unit) by source, all purposes, 2007-2011.
An overview of the 11 species and one higher taxon that met the high volume criterion in 2011 on the basis of at least one term/unit combination exceeding 1000 is provided in Table 5.2, along with details on the main exporter and source. The top species in trade were Mustela sibirica (139 731 units of hair) and Macaca fascicularis (66 774 specimens). The principal importers of Macaca fascicularis were Switzerland (47%) and the United States (45%).
Mammal species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units (all sources) in 2011 and corresponding main EU (re-)exporter. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.
| [l]Taxon | [l]App./Annex | [r]Qty | [l]Description | [l]Main source(s) (%) | [l]Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [l][i]Vicugna vicugna[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]1623.4 | [l]cloth (m2) | [l]W (> 99%) | [l]Italy (100%) [Peru] |
| [l][i]Lycalopex griseus[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]3075 | [l]skins | [l]W (100%) | [l]Germany (69%) [Argentina] |
| [l][i]Lynx canadensis*[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]1040 | [l]garments | [l]Unspecified (100%) | [l]Greece (100%) |
| [l][i]Lynx rufus[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]7291 | [l]garments | [l]Unspecified (100%) | [l]Greece (100%) |
| [l][i]Lynx rufus[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]3550 | [l]skins | [l]W (100%) | [l]Germany (63%) [United States] |
| [l][i]Mustela sibirica[/i] | [l]III/D | [r]139 731 | [l]hair | [l]W (100%) | [l]United Kingdom (100%) [China] |
| [l][i]Ursus maritimus*[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]1 230 | [l]specimens | [l]W (100%) | [l]Denmark (100%) [Greenland] |
| [l][i]Callithrix jacchus[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]3 426 | [l]specimens | [l]C (91%) | [l]Germany (> 99%) |
| [l][i]Macaca fascicularis[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]66 774 | [l]specimens | [l]C (52%);F (46%) | [l]Germany (76%) [Mauritius] |
| [l][i]Macaca mulatta[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]1 949 | [l]specimens | [l]C (100%) | [l]Germany (99%) [China)] |
| [l]Elephantidae spp. | [l]I/A | [r]1 207.5 | [l]carvings | [l]O (62%) | [l]United Kingdom (72%) [Unknown] |
| [l][i]Elephas maximus[/i] | [l]I/A | [r]1 243 | [l]carvings | [l]O (51%); U(49%) | [l]United Kingdom (73%) [Unknown)] |
| [l][i]Loxodonta africana[/i] | [l]I/A | [r]4 116 | [l]carvings | [l]O (54%); U (46%) | [l]United Kingdom (87%) [Unknown] |
Bird commodities (re-)exported at high volumes (>1000) in 2011 were feathers (primarily reported in kg) and live specimens, the vast majority of which were captive-bred. Approximately 68 000 live birds were exported in 2011, of which >99% originated from captive-bred or captive-born sources; 30 wild-sourced birds and ten birds reported as ranched were also (re-)exported. Trade in live birds decreased by 13% between 2010 and 2011 but remained over 60 000 individuals.
Top three bird items (re-) exported, by term and main sources. Small quantities (<150 units total) of source O, R, U and W were also recorded.
EU exports of live birds by source, all purposes, 2007-2011.
Nine bird species and one hybrid met the high volume criterion in 2011 on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.3). Taxa meeting this threshold were primarily direct exports of captive-bred specimens. The top species in trade was Cairina moschata, which accounted for all trade in feathers reported by weight; Agapornis fischeri, Platycercus eximius and Psephotus haematonotus were the main species traded as live. According to EU exporter-reported data, the top importers of live birds exported by the EU were Indonesia (22%) and Kuwait (12%); the top importer of feathers reported by weight was Norway (88%).
Bird species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates taxa that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.
| [l]Taxon[ | [l]App./ Annex | [r]Qty | [l]Description | [l]Main source (%) | [l]Main EU (re-)exporters (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [i][l]Cairina moschata[/i] | [l]III/C | [r]61 202.4 | [l]feathers (kg) | [l]C (100%) | [l]France (100%) |
| [i][l]Falco[/i] hybrid | [l]I/A | [r]2 309 | [l]live | [l]C (65%) | [l]United Kingdom (41%) |
| [i][l]Gallus sonneratii*[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]1 065 | [l]feathers | [l]C (100%) | [l]Demark (95%) |
| [i][l]Lonchura oryzivora[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]4 304 | [l]live | [l]C (98%) | [l]Czech Republic (33%); Netherlands (32%); Belgium (29%) |
| [i][l]Agapornis fischeri[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]13 769 | [l]live | [l]C (97%) | [l]Netherlands (47%) |
| [i][l]Agapornis personatus[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]7 562 | [l]live | [l]C (95%) | [l]Czech Republic (38%); Belgium (36%) |
| [i][l]Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae[/i] | [l]I/A | [r]2 009 | [l]live | [l]C (100%) | [l]Czech Republic (90%) |
| [i][l]Platycercus elegans[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]3 814 | [l]live | [l]C (98%) | [l]Czech Republic (64%) |
| [i][l]Platycercus eximius[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]10 770 | [l]live | [l]C (98%) | [l]Czech Republic (64%) |
| [i][l]Psephotus haematonotus[/i] | [l]II/B | [r]10 476 | [l]live | [l]C (98%) | [l]Czech Republic (53%) |
Reptile commodities (re-)exported at highest volumes by the EU consisted of wild-sourced skin pieces and skins, captive-produced (source F) extract and live reptiles primarily (re-)exported from captive-bred sources (Figure 5.7). Tails, small leather products and skin pieces recorded in kilograms also met the high volume threshold (>1000), but were traded at lower levels than the four terms depicted in Figure 5.7 (e.g. <6000 units). (Re-)exports of the main term, skin pieces, have been variable over the five year period 2007-2011 and decreased by 8% compared with 2010 levels primarily due to a decrease in captive-bred specimens (Figure 5.8). Wild-sourced (re-)exports of skin pieces were below 500 000 for 2007-2009, but increased to above 700 000 pieces in 2010 and remained roughly at that level in 2011.
[insert Figure 5.7 and Figure 5.8]
Fifteen reptile species, three subspecies and one higher taxon met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.4). All taxa meeting this threshold were traded primarily as re-exports of skins or skin pieces. The top species in trade was Alligator mississippiensis, accounting for 94% of trade in skin pieces; the principal importers of skin pieces (as recorded by the EU) were Tunisia (50%), Mauritius (21%) and China (12%).
[insert Table 5.4]
All exports of amphibians from the EU in 2011 comprised live specimens (2070) traded principally for commercial purposes (94%); the vast majority of the trade was in captive-sourced specimens (98% captive-bred and 0.1% captive-born) while 2% was wild-sourced. No individual species exceeded the 1000 unit threshold; the principal species traded as live specimens were Ambystoma mexicanum (864 axolotl), Dendrobates tinctorius (339 frogs), D. azureus (197 frogs) and D. auratus (186 frogs). The majority (93%) of amphibian exports from the EU were direct; the principal importers of amphibians (re-)exported from the EU were Japan (45%) and the United States (42%).
The vast majority of high volume exports of fish consisted of live eggs from captive sources, with nearly 5 million (re-)exported in 2011 (Figure 5.9). In addition to the six term/unit combinations displayed in Figure 5.9, five additional term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold: meat, fingerlings, extract, bodies and extract (kg). Export volumes of the main term (live eggs) in 2011 were the highest of the five year period 2007-2011 and increased by 58% between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 5.10). All trade in live eggs between 2007 and 2011 was captive-bred.
[insert Figure 5.9 and Figure 5.10]
An overview of the eight fish species and two hybrids that met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination is provided in Table 5.5. Notable levels of pre-Convention Anguilla anguilla (live eels, meat and bodies) originating in other EU Member States were (re-)exported; the majority of the remaining high volume trade was captive-bred. The majority (68%) of live eggs were exported directly from France to China; the top species in trade was Acipenser baerii, representing 78% of the trade in live eggs.
[insert Table 5.5]
Invertebrates were traded at high volumes as live (both as number of individual specimens and by weight) and raw corals (kg) in 2011 (Figure 5.11). The vast majority of trade was in live specimens, with over 208 000 live invertebrates (re-)exported, 87% of which originated from captive sources (sources ‘C’ and ‘F’). (Re-)exports of live invertebrates and (re-)exports of wild-sourced invertebrates increased over the five year period 2007-2011, reaching the highest levels over the period in 2011 (Figure 5.12).
[insert Figure 5.11 and Figure 5.12]
Three invertebrate species and one higher taxon met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.6). Hirudo medicinalis represented 90% of live invertebrates reported without a unit, of which 88% were captive-bred. The other three taxa originated predominantly from the wild. The top importer of live invertebrates (re-)exported by the EU was the United States, accounting for 74% of trade.
[insert Table 5.6]
The majority of (re-)exports at high volumes were live wild-sourced plants reported without a unit, with over 1.5 million (re-)exported in 2011 (Figure 5.13). In addition to the three term/unit combinations displayed in Figure 5.13, two additional term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold: seeds reported without a unit and extract reported by weight (kg). Export volumes of the main term (live plants) were variable over the five year period 2007-2011, and decreased by 14% in 2011 to the lowest volume between 2007-2011 (Figure 5.14).
[insert Figure 5.13 and Figure 5.14]
An overview of the eight plant species that met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination is provided in Table 5.7; all high volume trade was wild-sourced or, in the case of Appendix I cacti seeds, source code ‘D’. The vast majority (81%) of live plants (re-)exported by the EU were Galanthus elwesii originating in Turkey; the principal importers of live plants, as reported by the EU, were Japan (59%), the United States (20%) and Canada (15%).
[insert Table 5.7]
Eight term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold for timber in 2011 (Figure 5.15). The majority of timber trade comprised (re-)exports of veneer reported in square meters; 70% was wild-sourced and 30% was pre-Convention (Figure 5.15.). Figure 5.16 shows EU (re-)exports of veneer (m2) between 2007 and 2011, by source. (Re-)exports decreased by 29% between 2010 and 2011, and in all years except 2008 quantities (re-)exported were below 25 000 square meters.
[insert Figure 5.15 and Figure 5.16]
Seven species met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.8). All high-volume trade was wild-sourced or pre-Convention. Pericopsis elata represented 70% of trade in veneer (m2), all of which was wild-sourced, originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo and was imported by the United States. Trade recorded as timber (m3) was predominantly pre-Convention Cedrela odorata originating in Brazil and imported by the United States (93%). Two species represented the majority of trade in wild-sourced extract: Bulnesia sarmientoi (64%) and Prunus africana (36%). B. sarmientoi was primarily imported by Switzerland (81%) and the United States was the main importer of Prunus africana extract.
[insert Table 5.8]